The US Mexico Border free essay sample

Mexico border region is inhabited by many Native American groups who have lived in the area for centuries. 1535 Spain establishes colonial government in Mexico. 1819 Adam-Onis Treaty: U. S. -Mexico boundary established by Spain and the United States. 1821 Mexico wins independence from Spain. 1824 Mexico becomes a republic. | 1846 The U. S. Mexico war begins. 1848 Gold is discovered at Sutter’s Mill in the Sacramento Valley area of California. By 1849, large numbers of U.S. pioneers and immigrants from around the world travel to the mining area. Many gold seekers set up camps on Mexican-held land, forcing out some of the original landowners. 1848 The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo brings the U. S. -Mexican War to an end. 1883 Chinese labor is reduced because of the Chinese Exclusion Act, and railroad companies search for alternative sources of cheap labor. Mexican workers are increasingly recruited. 1890 Increasingly, Mexican Americans work for the railroads. Railroad construction continues throughout the early 20th century. We will write a custom essay sample on The US Mexico Border or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 1890 Copper mining continues to lure people to Arizona, driving more Mexican Americans from their lands. 1900 Copper, silver, and zinc are found in Arizona and New Mexico; Texas begins to mine salt, leading to further expulsion of Mexican American land owners. 1904 The first border patrol is established to stop Asian workers from coming into the United States through Mexico. 1910 Mexican Revolution begins. Thousands of Mexicans flee across the border for safety. 1921 The Immigration Act of 1921 restricts the immigration of Southern and Eastern Europeans. Agriculture lobbyists rally to block the movement to include Mexicans in the proposition. 1924 Largely due to a lack of immigration quotas, more than 89,000 Mexicans come into the United States on permanent visas, making 1924 the peak year for Mexican immigration. 1924 Immigration Act of 1924 halts the flow of other immigrant groups, border stations are established to formally admit Mexican workers, and a tax is collected on each person entering. 1942 The bracero program begins, allowing Mexican nationals to temporarily work in the United States – primarily in the agricultural industry. 1951 The Bracero program is revived. 1953 Operation Wetback: The U. S. Immigration Service deports more than 3. 8 million people of Mexican heritage. 1954 The film  Salt of the Earthis heralded by many as a true representation of Mexican Americans and their struggle. 1964 The first maquiladoras are established under the Border Industrialization Program; mass employment of cheap labor along the Mexican border by U.S. companies begins. 1964 The bracero program is finally repealed, and Mexican American labor leaders see an opportunity to work toward unionizing the farmworkers. 1965 The Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1965 limits immigrants into the United States. 1982 The largest increase of maquiladoras occurs after devaluation of the Mexican currency. 1994 The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) comes into affect, stimulating trade between the United States and Mexico. Massive increases in border populations occur due to the treaty.

Describe The Contribution To Buddhism Of One Person Religion Essays

Describe The Contribution To Buddhism Of One Person Religion Essays Describe The Contribution To Buddhism Of One Person Religion Essay Describe The Contribution To Buddhism Of One Person Religion Essay Asoka has contributed many important parts to the development of Buddhism. Asoka became the first Buddhist emperor, and he conversed to Buddhism in 261 BCE and was so known as Dharmasoka. Asoka contributed to the development of Buddhism in three of import ways. First he applied basic rules of Buddhism to his regulation through authorities and foreign policies. Second and the most important part, Asoka supported missionaries, he sent them throughout the land in order to distribute the instructions of Buddhism. Third, Asoka was able to keep Buddhism as a major spiritual tradition in the land. Asoka was able to lend interfaith duologue ; he maintained positive duologue with people of other faiths because he believed all faiths are good. Asoka believed the first principle ( Ashismsa ) and generousness were really of import in witnessing the religion. Asoka taught people about Buddhism in different ways to assist them best understand all the Buddhist instructions. For illustration Asoka taught the educated through composing on edicts and pillars, whereas he taught the uneducated through ministry, narratives and pictures. Asoka strengthens Buddhism through Viharas, he built these shrines in order for the Sangha to idolize in and pattern their religion. Asoka established societal public assistance support because Asoka believed it was of import to back up all his people. An illustration of a societal public assistance that Asoka did was he grew medicative herb gardens and shadow countries for all the people. Asoka besides turned his party to vegetarianism. Most significantly Asoka believed that everyone should be treated with friendliness. Asoka has been a large portion in the development of Buddhism and has contributed many of import and important parts that are still being used and continued to be followed today. Assess the impact on Buddhism of the important individual or school of idea identified in the old inquiry. Asoka s part has a important impact on Buddhism. His part to Buddhism phases as an illustration for all Buddhist disciples. Charity, attention, and instruction were his virtuousnesss which affected the whole Buddhist community. Through his missionaries, and instruction he allowed Buddhism to turn and beef up. Asoka did non alter instructions but instead maintained what was already at that place. It is because of his part that Buddhism is where it is today. Asoka s part of the missionaries allowed Buddhism to spread out farther into states such as Syria, Egypt, Tibet and China. Missionary work in Sri Lanka led by his boy and girl subsequently developed into Theravada Buddhism. The temples he built allowed the integrity between the Sangha and lay people. By this act of tolerance, he lived by illustration making harmoniousness and peace among other people. Disciples looked up to him beef uping their ain religion, and ethical determinations. The interfaith duologue and spiritual tolerance allowed aliens to accommodate Buddhist beliefs at their ain will. Through tope, temples, and 13 stone edicts, disciples had better entree to instructions, therefore beef uping the Sangha while keeping the right instructions. The edifice of Viharas besides gave disciples chances to chew over publically. Peoples were impacted by Asoka as they saw him as a true informant to the religion. This is because Asoka showed how to right populate the Buddhist life harmonizing to the moralss of Buddhism. He promoted Buddhist instruction as equal entree to knowledge, concentrating on the importance of societal public assistance. Through this he established an environment that was healthy for disciples. Through his act of charity, love and attention, disciples look up to Asoka as a function theoretical account in Buddhism. It is because of his part that Buddhism stands the manner it is today. Peoples have witnessed his influence and his application of beliefs onto mundane life. Muslimism In the name of God, Most Gracious, Most Merciful, to You lone do we turn for aid. Steer us along the consecutive way. To what extent does this citation expresses a important person/school of idea s typical Islamic reply to the digesting inquiries of human being? Islam is the entry to Allah. Harmonizing to the Tawhid, disciples believe that there is merely one God- Allah. In the name of God, Most Gracious, Most Merciful to you lone do we turn for aid. Steer us along the consecutive way shows that there is merely one true God and disciples are to subject to him. Sayyid Qutb s reading of these instructions, developed into a extremist position on secularism and modernism in the western universe. His doctrine in Hakimiya, Jahiliyyah and Jihad are replies to the digesting inquiries of human being. Sayyid Qutb was born in Egypt 1906 ; and attended a school in his local small town. Between 1939-1948 Sayyid Qutb worked as a university instructor, he wrote many articles knocking the corruptness in the western universe. In 1948, Sayyid Qutb, published the book Social in Islam edifice a extremist thought of Tawhid, shortly after a visit to the US. In 1949 he wrote another book called In the sunglassess of the Quran , which was a commentary on the Quran. In 1952 Sayyid Qutb joined Islamic brotherhood and was so arrested in 1952 for confederacy to subvert the opinion Egyptian authorities through the usage of lesser Jihad which he encouraged. Upon his release he published his book Milestones which caused statement because of its extremist positions on Jihad. He was so imprisoned and hanged for sedition in 1965. Sayyid Qutb was a important individual who helped reply the cardinal inquiries of human being. Sayyid Qutb answered those inquiries through his new reading of the chief instructions. His new reading was that he wanted everyone in province of Hakimiyya, and this lone exists under the Sharia jurisprudence. Sayyid Qutb s chief instructions to his disciples include Jihad, Jahiliya ( ignorance ) , Hakimiyya, which is entry to the will of Allah which is really of import ( off from western influences ) , centrality of Allah through Tawhid ( unity ) and Aquida ( belief in God ) and in conclusion Sharia jurisprudence. Sayyid Qutb had a extremist pattern of Islam which he influenced his disciples to follow. He expressed to the disciples that it was of import to hold modest life manners of life, and populating free from negative influence of the West, viz. sexual freedom and philistinism. By the disciple following Muhammad s manner of life, they are helped by Allah and guided to the right way. The quotation mark states Guide us along the consecutive way. Muslim disciples will oppugn what that right way is. Sayyid Qutb answered this inquiry. His doctrine was Hakimiyya, Jahiliya, Jihad, and in order to be in the province of Hakimiyya disciples need to get the better of Jahiliya by Jihad. Sayyid Qutb doctrine replies those inquiries as they express the importance of entry to Allah and he showed adherents how to populate the right way. In Milestones he criticised the West because of its sexual freedom. He ..as a household is the footing of the society, and the footing of the household is the division of labor between hubby and married woman, and the upbringing is the most of import map of the household, so such a society is so civilised [ 1 ]. In this quotation mark Sayyid Qutb is underscoring that Islam and the Islamic manner of life encourages this sort of household. By going this household disciples are populating the right manner of life harmonizing to Allah. Sayyid Qutb s doctrine is all about Hakimiyya, and the manner to accomplish it, his doctrine besides consists of Jahiliya and Jihad. He wanted all of the disciples in society to be Hakimiyya, which means for disciples to accept the Sharia and unrecorded under it. In mention to the stimulation above by being in the province of Hakimiyya you re subjecting to Allah and following the one true God. Jahiliya is the submit to philistinism and sexual freedom. In Jihad, there is greater Jihad which is single battle to subject to the will of Allah and lesser Jihad which is holy war, and the usage of military agencies. Sayyid Qutb largely focused on the greater Jihad. His doctrine is all about being in the province of Hakimiyya and get the better ofing Jahiliya. Sayyid Qutb lived his doctrine and he showed the right manner to populate to the entry to the will of Allah, in mention to the stimulation this is of import in order of walking the right way. Sayyid Qutb has impacted many people, both followings of his doctrine and adversaries of his doctrine. The impacts his left on his followings include he brought a new and more relevant apprehension of Islam and how it should be lived and he died as a sufferer for Islam. He is a theoretical account of populating his Muslim rules, in malice of the personal effect even decease. Adversaries of his doctrine believe that he is a hapless illustration of what Islam should be, besides there were protests against him and many Muslims did nt desire him known as a important individual. His extremist positions are seen as illustrations to other people as there are many extremist groups that exist today and follow his doctrine. In mention to the stimulation, Sayyid Qutb is seen as a individual who was able to reply the inquiries about human being to all disciples. Peoples who follow his doctrine see him as a good illustration on the manner to populate to the entry to the will of Allah, and praying to the lone true God. By this disciples are following the right consecutive way . Sayyid Qutb has radically interpreted the Quran and he has affected many disciples. His doctrine, Hakimiyya, Jahiliya and Jihad, has answered all the inquiries that each disciple asks themselves about the being of life. Moslem disciples are called to subject to the will of Allah and follow the right way. Sayyid Qutb is a important individual who was able to distinctively reply that right way in order to right subject to the will of Allah. It is through Hakimiyyah that we can get the better of Jahiliyyah by Jihad, and that is the true way.

Why Protons and Neutrons Stick Together in the Nucleus

Why Protons and Neutrons Stick Together in the Nucleus An atom contains protons, neutrons, and electrons.  The nucleus of an atom consists of bound protons and neutrons (nucleons). The negatively-charged electrons are attracted to the positively-charged protons and fall around the nucleus, much like a satellite is attracted to the gravity of the Earth. The positively-charged protons repel each other and arent electrically attracted or repelled to the neutral neutrons, so you may wonder how the atomic nucleus sticks together and why protons dont fly off. The explanation for why protons and neutrons stick together is known as the strong force. The strong force is also known as the strong interaction, color force, or strong nuclear force.  The strong force is much more powerful than the electrical repulsion between protons, however, the particles have to be close to each other for it to stick them together. How the Strong Force Works Protons and neutrons are made up of smaller subatomic particles. When protons or neutrons get close enough to each other, they exchange particles (mesons), binding them together. Once they are bound, it takes considerable energy to break them apart. To add protons or neutrons, the nucleons either have to be moving at high speed  or they need to be forced together under great pressure. Although the strong force overcomes electrostatic repulsion, protons do repel each other. For this reason, its usually easier to add neutrons to an atom than to add protons.

Walmart case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Walmart - Case Study Example This together with the ‘open door policy’ states that management needed to consider the â€Å"associates† views in the decision making process. Walton was against worker unionization and he argues that it would lead to establishment of restrictive work regulations and dramatic pay hikes. Furthermore, he came up with the â€Å"sun down rule† which encouraged workers to complete their tasks on time (Hill and Jones, 2009). His policies were based on getting workers to perform to their level best while paying the insufficient salaries. However, they would be rewarded in stock ownership plans and profit sharing schemes. This strategy has worked for years nonetheless; it has been facing issues in the recent times. Issues Facing This Strategy This strategy has led the company to great heights and sustained its exemplary financial performance over the years. Over the recent past, there have been various issues emerging from the application of this strategy (Anthony , Kacmar and Perrewe, 2002). Wal-Mart is the private entity with the highest number of â€Å"associates† world over. This has created numerous problems with regards to human resource management. In the past, the company has been relying on the strategy of encouraging the employees to work hard with the promise of getting a promotion or incentives through stock ownership and profit sharing. This strategy has been regarded as being highly unfair as workers are exploited to work for long hours and they are not duly compensated for their contribution. Furthermore, it has been observed that the company rarely fulfills its promise of sharing its employees through profit sharing. The company has been faced by several law suits over pressuring their employees to work for long hours without paying them overtime wages. Moreover, the company has been under attack for paying its employees peanuts and pressuring them to work too hard (Heskett, 2011). This has resulting to increasing dissa tisfaction among the workforce and can be attributed to the decline in the company’s performance in the recent past. This policy is aimed at increasing the company’s productivity while totally ignoring the â€Å"associates† plight and contribution towards the company’s success. In most competitive firms, worker remuneration is based on output and this should be the case for the giant retailer. Labor unions have attempted to intervene but to no avail. The company’s â€Å"associates† are continually oppressed as its reputation and financial glory go down the drain. Labor unions have made concerted efforts to unionize the employees over the years but they have fallen on deaf ears. Wal-Mart has been noted to be one of the few companies that have strongly opposed against unionization of the â€Å"associates†. The company management argues that labor unions champion for increased salaries and impose strict working regulations (Heskett, 2011 ). This move is regarded to be highly capitalistic and aims at maximizing the company’s profits at the workers’ expense. This has created negative publicity concerning the company and if no immediate action is taken, it could have further detrimental effects on its profitability. In addition to, the company has

Discussion Board Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discussion Board Questions - Assignment Example I therefore, believe that it will be self defeating for any proprietor to believe that it is the a customers responsibility to learn English, with it being a lingua franca. The customer is said to be a monarch in business. As such any proprietor who wants to succeed should come down to the level of the potential client and not vice-versa. Diversity in languages is vital as it gives the owners of the language a sense of belonging due to shared history and culture. Anthropology studies show that no language is superior to another. Accommodating other languages ideologies can also give a politician political mileage. This was evident in Barrack Obama’s 2012 presidential election victory where he garnered more votes in Florida, Nevada and Colorado states. These votes turned the tide in his favor. In a situation where individuals are forbidden to speak their native language it breeds resents. Personally I would be uncomfortable staying in such a nation or state. The disadvantage of diversity in languages is it can bread negative ethnicity where some languages are rendered insubordinate; this happens particularly where some groups form the minority. Such scenario hinder economic development due conspiracies propagated by different ethnic groups. If not well managed this may lead to civil strife. Stratification of ethnic groups occasioned by difference in language may lead to increased crime rates especially by the group that may feel shortchanged or marginalized economically (Schaefer, 2013). In my view Statehood for Native Puerto Rican residing in Puerto Rico for Puerto Rico will greatly improve the life and economic status of the Puerto Ricans as the geographical restrictions and fiscal hindrances will be lessened. This will be beneficial more so because the number of them in America is higher than that in Puerto Rica. Independence will be more costly and as it

The Rime Of The Ancient Mariner

The Rime Of The Ancient Mariner Samuel Taylor Coleridges The Rime of the Ancient Mariner is said to be his attempt to bring supernatural terrors to a naturalistic setting. Some critics have argued that the moral truths of the poem are not only unintelligible but also irrational. But for other critics, this irrationality is what gives the poem its greatest quality. In analyzing and critiquing Coleridges poem, an in depth analysis of the irrational is needed. This irrationality is not Coleridges failure to explain the supernatural but actually an evidence of its Christian moral code and that the poems irrationality emerges because of Coleridges inner conflict with his conversion from Unitarianism to the Anglicanism religion. This hermeneutic must be in mind when attempting to interpret Coleridges poem. Before we can look at modern critics such as Christopher Stokes, J Robert Barth, John T Netland, and even Jerome J. McGann, we must first look at how earlier critics have looked at Coleridges work through a Christian eyes. The article Coleridge And The Luminous Gloom: An Analysis Of The Symbolical Language In The Rime Of The Ancient Mariner' by Elliott B. Gose, Jr. examines the poem through a Christian perspective only because Gose believes the poem is filled with Christian trappings (239). Gose shows how symbols carry a Christian ideology and spends considerable time on examining how the sun (whether glorious or red) represents God while the other forces in the poem represent the forces of nature. In the end, Gose claims that nature is subordinate to God and that the Mariners voyage does not deal with a physical voyage but it represents a Romantic urge to explore the eternal soul and the temporal emotions (244). But throughout the article, Gose fails to fully explain the other stran ger elements in Coleridges poem. For instance, he brings up life-in-death, who wins the Mariner in a gamble, but then dismisses her by stating how she is obviously outside the Christian hierarchy and is connected with a whole strand of non-Christian figures, incidents, and images in the poem (242). He interprets this from the obscure explanation given from the gloss and continues with the rest of the poem still in Christian ideological framework. More modern critics will point out how though much of the poem seems to use Christian terms, the more stranger elements and the ambiguous details create distance between familiar and unfamiliar which gave trouble to many earlier Christian critical readings of Coleridges text. Goses confusion with the gloss and its obscure Christian emphasis can be explained in Reading And Resistance: The Hermeneutic Subtext Of The Rime Of The Ancient Mariner by John T Netland. He suggests that the poem displays an incongruous mixture of pagan and Christian symbols (38) and examines the use of the gloss as a hermeneutic. Although the gloss-writing editor is responding to the original poem and seeks to interpret it for a modern audience, the editor marginalizes the Mariners experiences and emphasizes the Christian overtones of the poem. Netland states the gloss and the poem itself create a unique tension between contrasting religious imaginations (41). One is a world of categorized and rational set of religious experiences (inferred from gloss) while the other a spiritual, mystical, irrational religious sublimity (from the poem). Netland states that Coleridge may have gotten his idea from Bibles at that time with their gloss notes that gave a clearer interpretation of the b iblical text. This is very similar to Jerome J. McGanns examinations in his brilliant article, The Meaning Of The Ancient Mariner, where McGann briefly details the poems history from its initial criticism to Coleridges embracing of Christian ideology to his Higher Critical analytics of the re-interpretative process of the Bible to Coleridges attempt in mimicking this layered hermeneutic upon his own work. McGann points to the fact that Coleridges poem was originally a literary ballad among all the other lyrical ballads found Wordsworths printed work, Lyrical Ballads. With the second edition, and with Wordworths concerns, Coleridge made alterations to make the poem less a literary ballad and more a lyrical ballad. Coleridge may have realized what he was doing was similar to what occurred in Biblical narratives. Coleridge had argued in length on issues of Higher Criticism that Scriptures were not an unmediated and fixed biblical text but an evolved and continuously evolving set of rec ords which include the Churchs later glosses on and interpretations of the earlier documents (47). McGann remarkably suggests that Coleridges revised version of his poem shows four clear layers of development: (a) an original mariners tale; (b) the ballad narrative of that story; (c) the editorial gloss added when the ballad was, we are to suppose, first printed; and (d) Coleridges own point of view on his invented materials (50). The last shows Coleridges own theory of religious and symbolic interpretation. McGann believes that The Rime of the Ancient Mariner is Coleridges imitation of a culturally redacted literary work (51). But coming back to Netlands article, the gloss, he believes, becomes an inadequate hermeneutic for analyzing the poem. Netland suggests that the gloss is inadequate as a hermeneutic since the editor reduces the Mariners spiritual journey, actions, and sufferings into a straight-forward neat plot to emphasize Christian redemption. Netland states that the Marinerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦has experienced something of the religious sublime (whether real or delusive), and his compulsive retellings of his story point to the inexplicable profundity of his experience (51). The writer of the gloss fails to understand this and the gloss represses the Mariners heightened religious experience. Netland suggests that we instead respond like the stunned Wedding Guest which is far more consistent to Coleridgean hermeneutics when analyzing the journey of the Mariner. But can the gloss be ignored? McGann disagrees and states that the changes (as well as the addition of the gloss) from 1798 to 1817 show an important story in Coleridges development of the purposes of his poem. Many believed that these changes were a reactionary movement in which a daring and radical poem is transformed into a relatively tame work of Christian symbolism (42) when Coleridge retreated from his radical views to his later Christian ideology. McGann, in his article, dives deeply into Coleridges understanding of the Higher Critical analysis of the Christian Bible to show Coleridges Hermeneutic Model of his poem originating from his ideas of the process of the Bibles creation. Coleridge saw how Gods Word was expressed and later reexpressed through commentary, gloss, and interpretation by particular people at different times according to their differing lights (43). Coleridges poem is presented as just this type of reinterpreted text retaining its own ideological coherence e ven through the fragmentation from reinterpretation. McGann states that the poem shows Coleridges process of textual evolution and the symbolic meaning of that process is a Christian redemptive one. We can see how the very nature of religion affected Coleridge in his earlier 1798 version and his later 1817 version (with gloss) and can conclude that the poet himself and his faith must be examined. J. Robert Barths book, Romanticism and Transcendence: Wordsworth, Coleridge, and the Religious Imagination, delves deeply into Coleridges theories, struggles, and faith. Although, he spends the first four chapter exploring Wordsworths works and how it practices Coleridges theories of imagination, he examines closely the nature of religion in The Rime of the Ancient Mariner in chapter 6. Although Coleridge had theological speculations, he was a practical Christian (89). Coleridge believed in living out the practical aspects of his faith. Barth does not give a complete examination of Coleridges poem, but hones in to what he believes gives strength and beauty to Coleridges poetry. The notion of polarity (a balance or reconciliation of opposites (6)) is central to Coleridges theories of ima gination. Opposite objects, qualities, or tensions exist within the same field of force' (6). Barth also looks at prayer as a means of bringing these two forces into harmony (natural and supernatural). Coleridge is concerned with prayer but at a deeper level as a means of uniting the creature with the Creator (90). Coleridges guilt and need for redemption is bound to his longing for forgiveness and friendship with God. Coleridge calls prayer the the effort to connect the misery of Self with the blessedness of God (90). It is a means of connecting the natural to the supernatural, the temporal to the eternal, and the immanent to the transcendent. Barth states that even though Coleridge does move from his Unitarian ideology to his Christian ideology, a shift that can be seen in the poem and its revision, this idea of prayer is still deep within Coleridges soul. Although, Barth explores prayer within the poem during Coleridges conversion, this shift of faith can be explored further as m eans for a proper hermeneutic in interpreting Coleridges poem. Christopher Stokes article My Soul In Agony: Irrationality And Christianity In The Rime Of The Ancient Mariner explores the struggle between the physical and the spiritual world in Coleridges poem. His poem contains strange elements that seem unintelligible and irrational. Stokes states that these elements stem from Coleridges Unitarian moral theory that he subscribed to at the time. Because these strange elements are unintelligible, there is an ambiguity between the supernatural events and orthodox religion. Though much of the poem seems to use Christian terms, there is still details that are ambiguous and this creates distance between familiar and unfamiliar. Stokes states that these ambiguous moments create a divided tone and he claims this is from Coleridges difficult transition from Unitarianism to Anglican Christianity. Coleridge struggled with Christianitys concept of original sin and a closer examination must be conducted to understand why he possibly struggled with it. The concept and doctrine of Original Sin was developed by the early Roman church and was based on Pauls teachings found in the Book of Romans. In the Old Testament (specifically from Genesis), Adam and Eve disobeyed God in the Garden and the result was that they were cursed and banished out of the Garden. Because of the actions of Adam and Eve, sin (a propensity to disobey God) originated in the Garden and continued to all future generations. Paul teaches a reinterpretation of this Genesis story. In Romans 5.12, Paul states that just as sin entered the world through one man, and death through sin, and in this way death came to all people, because all sinned. At the time of Pauls teaching, audiences of the early Gospels will be familiar with the story of Jesus (especially since Mark and Matthew may have been circulating prior to Romans being written). The audiences would understand that Jesus died as a sacrificial lamb for the sins (actual personal committed sins; a personal disobedie nce) of all man. But Paul goes to reinterpret Christs death to add that Jesus died to not only remove our personal sins but also to remove the hold of original sin on humanity which results in death. For just as through the disobedience of the one man the many were made sinners, so also through the obedience of the one man the many will be made righteous (Romans 5.19). This meant that all humanity was guilty for their personal sins and guilty for the sin of Adam and Eve that was passed to generations. Later under the Roman church, Saint Augustine of Hippo taught that all of humanity was in a state of sin that came from Adam. Man is born with sin and a weakened free-will that gravitates toward sin. Adam and Eves sin and guilt is carried onto each generation (Kelley, 34-38). This was the concept of Original Sin. This is a belief that is still held today by Catholics and Protestants (although, it may vary based on demonization). But Unitarians do not believe in the concept of Original Sin. They do not believe that the sin of Adam and Eve corrupted all of humanity and that we still carry their guilt. They state it would contradict the love and justice of God to attribute to us the sin of others, because sin is ones own personal action (JoÃÅ' zsef, 107). This was a key to why Coleridge struggled in his conversion to Christianity and is evident in his poem. Stokes, in his article, explains the struggle readers have with the strange and irrational elements in the poem are reflective and evidence of Coleridges struggle in his departure from Unitarian ideology to Anglican ideology. An example can be seen with the killing of the Albatross which many critics agree is a strange element to the poem. The Mariner simply kills the bird with no thought prior and the only shock is from the Wedding Guest. The crew at first thought it wrong, but then agreed that the bird was bad luck. Without the gloss notes (and in the original 1798 version), it seems that even nature is unmoved by something that seemed like a crime and the reader isnt given any reason that the killing set any clear event in motion (a determinative effects of motives based on Unitarian moral theory (5)). The albatross death is a powerful but initially unintelligible event but has no obvious moral or religious significance (6). Coleridge, after his conversion and firming in Christian ideology, comes to term with original sin and revises his work (through additions, subtractions, and including a gloss for the poem) giving it a more Anglican tone. The gloss becomes an Anglican hermeneutic bringing the poem under a Christian ideology and moral order. The poem under the gloss gives it a Christian salvational trajectory (20). It is only through the gloss (and Coleridges later revision in 1817) that we learn that the ancient Mariner inhospitably killeth the pious bird of good omen. Stokes understands the common critical belief that the Mariner conspicuously relies on Christian rituals and beliefs . . . the Christian doctrine fails to explain his world of excessive suffering and irrational events (11). But he states that before we dismiss these strange elements as irrational, we must explore Coleridges religious thinking at the time of writing the poem and both its revisions. It is only through the examination of his personal faith and conversion that we can develop a proper hermeneutic to interpret Coleridges poem. It would be erroneous to assume irrationality as a failure of the poems Christian moral code. One must look at Coleridges conversion as well as his struggle with the Christian doctrine of original sin that creates the irrational or at least creates ambiguous language. It is only through this hermeneutic that we can fully understand and appreciate Coleridges poem where he attempts to understand and present to us the concepts that are beyond understanding.

Communication Case Study Essay

1. Which barriers to listening described in Chapter 3 might make it difficult for Mark and Kate to hear one another’s perspectives when they meet to discuss the situation? Listening is very important in communication. This is the key to effective communication. Listening effectively is one’s ability to fully understand and interpret messages sent by the speaker. In Mark and Kate’s situation, there are listening barriers that prevent and make it difficult for them to fully understand one another. In Kate and Mark’s situation, and many other people’s situation, psychological barriers are the most common. Emotions became a distraction to listen what the speaker has to say. Just when Mark is calling her attention about doing the job right, Kate already started to put up her guard and defended herself. Most people, including myself, get anxious when we hear criticisms about ourselves. There are many things that are already playing inside our mind about the situation. This makes it difficult to listen to what the other speaker has to say. We tend to be close-minded in situations like that. In addition, under the psychological barriers is the egocentrism. The book says, â€Å"your own ideas are more important or valuable that those of others.† Kate mentioned the situation about her ideas being shot down. She believes that her ideas or suggestions are not as important as the other members of the team. If we believe that our ideas and suggestions are not appreciated well like others, we tend to not listen anymore because we feel like whatever we do, it will not be treated the same as others. On the other hand, Mark needs to carefully listen to what Kate has to say. Since he already listened to what the other members of the team said, he also needs to understand why Kate acts the way she is acting. I believe in Mark’s situation, an environmental barrier is present. I am not sure if the influence of other people is under this category. Mark became so focused about his own observations of Kate’s actions and what the team was saying about her. If he is only to focus on what he had observed and what other said, it will be a huge problem and understanding each other will be too difficult for them. 2. Consider the listening styles discussed in Chapter 3. Present evidence that indicates each person’s styles, and then describe how this knowledge might have created a different communication outcome for Kate and Mark. Kate is a critical listener. In this particular scenario, she became exaggeratedly overreactions on Mark’s message. If only Mark and Kate are relational and analytical listeners, a better situation and outcome of the meeting could’ve been in place. For example, if Kate is an analytical listener, she will be more concerned about fully understanding the message before making a judgment. She could’ve seen the situation like Mark must have been concerned about her and wants her to become better at the job. Instead of taking it in a bad way, she could’ve seen the feedback as a room for improvement on her performance. On the other hand, Kate could really be an analytical listener. She might have just over analyzed the situation that worsens her interpretation of the information conveyed by Mark. Yet, if Kate become more professional about it, she should clarify the message she received with Mark instead of making her own conclusions and interpretations. This is one problem when we tend to just hear not listen. In addition, if Mark will be a relational listener, he will be nonjudgmental about what Kate was saying. He will be able to further help and understand her with the situation. He also must understand where Kate is coming from. Instead of firing her, he can offer her some support and resolve the issues arising within the team. The issue must not only be addressed just between Kate and Mark. It must be resolved together with the whole team. This is to eliminate any other future similar issues. They all need to listen not just hear so they can properly communicate. If they are effective listeners, ideas of each members of the team will be evaluated in the s ame importance as the others.